Who Wrote the Pentateuch? A Survey of the Evidence
Jewish and Christian tradition names Moses as the author of the Torah, yet the five...
From Scroll to Codex: How the Bible’s Physical Form Changed
The earliest Scriptures lived on scrolls — unwieldy, single-sided, and read in sequence. Christians were...
The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Thousand-Year Leap Back in Time
Before 1947, our oldest complete Hebrew Bible manuscripts dated to the Middle Ages. The scrolls...
The Septuagint: Why the Greek Old Testament Matters
Beginning in the third century BC, Jewish translators in Alexandria rendered the Hebrew Scriptures into...
What Is Textual Criticism? An Introduction
No original manuscript of any biblical book survives. What we possess are thousands of copies,...